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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Line of Control</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Political map of the <a href="Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region showing the Line of Control (LoC)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entities</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan"></a></span></span> Pakistan <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="India" title="India"></a></span></span> India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">740 km (460 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-:length_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:length-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 776 km (482 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1972<br>Resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and after ratification of the Shimla Treaty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treaties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
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</style><div id="Indo-Pakistani_conflicts2655" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts"><span class="wrap">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">War of 1947–48</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">War of 1965</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">War of 1971</a></li>
<li><a href="Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li>
<li><a href="2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–02 standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict" title="2025 India–Pakistan conflict">2025 conflict</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Other conflicts</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li>
<li><a href="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li>
<li><a href="1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">Atlantique incident</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Border skirmishes</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–15</a></li>
<li><a href="2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–18</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–21</a></li>
<li><a href="2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_crisis" title="2025 India–Pakistan crisis">2025</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Strikes</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LoC 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">J&K 2019</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>The <b>Line of Control</b> (<b>LoC</b>) is a military control line between the <a href="India" title="India">Indian</a>- and <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a>-controlled parts of the former <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">princely state of Jammu and Kashmir</a>—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the <i><a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> border. It was established as part of the <a href="Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> at the end of the <a href="Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original <a href="Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">1949 cease-fire line</a>.
</p><p>The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>. The Pakistani-controlled section is divided into <a href="Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> and <a href="Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as <a href="NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a>, beyond which lies the <a href="Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a>, which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control, (Sangam, Chenab River, <a href="Akhnoor" title="Akhnoor">Akhnoor</a>), lies the border between <a href="Punjab%2C_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a> and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regards it as an "international boundary", and Pakistan calls it a "working border".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing199810_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing199810-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as <a href="Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>. Lying further to the east, it is known as the <a href="Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Line of Actual Control</a> (LAC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing199820_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing199820-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div>
<p>After the <a href="Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, present-day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> – India because of the ruler's accession to the country, and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim-majority population. The <a href="First_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kashmir War">First Kashmir War</a> in 1947 lasted more than a year until a ceasefire was arranged through <a href="UN_mediation_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="UN mediation of Kashmir">UN mediation</a>. Both sides agreed on a <a href="Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">ceasefire line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing19984–7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing19984–7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After another <a href="1965_Indo-Pakistani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Indo-Pakistani War">Kashmir War</a> in 1965, and the <a href="Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> (which saw <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing <a href="Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> in 1972, both countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" (LoC) and observe it as a <i>de facto</i> border that armed action should not violate. The agreement declared that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing199813_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing199813-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEA_site_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEA_site-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan</a> (UNMOGIP) had the role of investigating ceasefire violations (CFVs), however their role decreased after 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018110–111_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018110–111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, US President <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrain">Terrain</h3></div>
<p>The LoC from <a href="Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a> to <a href="Gurez" title="Gurez">Gurez</a> comprises mountain passes and valleys with small streams and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area up to around 14,000 feet (4,300 m) is wooded while the peaks rise higher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter is snowy while summers are mild. From Gurez to <a href="Akhnoor" title="Akhnoor">Akhnoor</a>, the area is mountainous and hilly respectively and is generally forested. There are tracks and minor roads connecting settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mix of flora and elevation affects visibility and <a href="Sightline" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightline">line of sight</a> significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200139_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200139-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire_violations">Ceasefire violations</h3></div>
<p>In 2018, two corps and a number of battalions of the <a href="Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> manned the Indian side of the LoC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="X_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="X Corps (Pakistan)">Rawalpindi Corps</a> manned the Pakistani side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceasefire violations (CFV's) are initiated and committed by both sides and show a symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018145_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201886_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201886-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response to a CFV at one location can lead to shooting at an entirely different area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201885_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201885-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weapons used on the LoC include small arms, <a href="Rocket-propelled_grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket-propelled grenades">rocket-propelled grenades</a>, <a href="Recoilless_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoilless rifles">recoilless rifles</a>, <a href="Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="Automatic_grenade_launchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic grenade launchers">automatic grenade launchers</a>, rocket launchers and a number of other direct and indirect weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201818_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201818-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military personnel on both sides risk being shot by snipers in moving vehicles, through bunker peepholes and during meals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201882_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201882-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The civilian population at the LoC, at some points ahead of the forward most post, has complicated the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018113_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018113-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelling and firing by both sides along the LoC has resulted in civilian deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201896,_100_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201896,_100-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunkers have been constructed for these civilian populations for protection during periods of CFV's.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India and Pakistan usually report only casualties on their own sides of the LoC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria2018xxiv-xxv_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria2018xxiv-xxv-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the media blaming the other side for the firing and each side claiming an adequate retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria201817–18_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria201817–18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to Happymon Jacob, the reasons for CFVs along the LoC include<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operational reasons (defence construction like observation facilities, the rule of the gun, lack of bilateral mechanisms for border management, personality traits and the emotional state of soldiers and commanders),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018158–180_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018158–180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> politico-strategic reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018181–187_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018181–187-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proportional response (land grab, sniping triggered, "I am better than you", revenge firing),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018187–202_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018187–202-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accidental CFVs (civilian related, lack of clarity where the line is)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018207–212_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018207–212-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other reasons (like testing the new boys, honour, prestige and humiliation, fun, gamesmanship).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018202–207_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018202–207-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob ranks operational reasons as the main cause for CFVs, followed by retributive and politico-strategic reasons .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmines_and_IEDs">Landmines and IEDs</h3></div>
<p>Mines have been laid across the India–Pakistan border and the LoC in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201897_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201897-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of <a href="Land_mine" title="Land mine">landmines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a> thousands of acres of land along the LoC were mined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both civilians and military personnel on both sides have died in mine and <a href="Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive device</a> (IED)-related blasts, and many more have been injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between January 2000 to April 2002, 138 military personnel were killed on the Indian side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posts_and_bunkers">Posts and bunkers</h3></div>
<p>Reinforced sandbagged and concrete posts and bunkers are among the first line of defence along the LoC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armed soldiers man these positions with enough supplies for at least a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148–149_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148–149-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posts and bunkers allow soldiers to sleep, cook, and keep a watch on enemy positions round the clock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148–149_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148–149-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some posts are located in remote locations. Animals are sometimes used to help transport loads, and at some posts animals are reared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148–149_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018148–149-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living quarters and the forward facing bunker are located at some distance apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018150_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018150-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locations of some posts do not follow any pre-ordained plan, rather they are in locations used during the <a href="First_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kashmir War">First Kashmir War</a> and the following cease-fire line, with minor adjustments made in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018151_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018151-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_LoC_fencing">Indian LoC fencing</h3></div>
<p>India constructed a 550-kilometre (340 mi) barrier along the 740 kilometres (460 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-:length_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:length-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–776 kilometres (482 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LoC by 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fence generally remains about 150 yards (140 m) on the Indian-controlled side. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. The barrier, referred to as an Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS), consists of double-row of fencing and <a href="Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">concertina wire</a> 8–12 feet (2.4–3.7 m) in height, and is <a href="Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">electrified</a> and connected to a network of motion sensors, thermal imaging devices, lighting systems and alarms. They act as "fast alert signals" for the Indian troops, who can be alerted and ambush the infiltrators trying to sneak in.<sup id="cite_ref-thehindu_Fence_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehindu_Fence-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The barrier's construction began in the 1990s but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased. After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="Indian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian military">Indian military</a> sources, the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed region by 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a proposal for an upgraded smart fence on the Indian side was accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_villages">Border villages</h3></div>
<p>A number of villages lie between the Indian fence and the zero line. Pakistan has not constructed a border fence, however a number of villages lie near the zero line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018155_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018155-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="Tithwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tithwal">Tithwal</a> area, 13 villages are in front of the Indian fence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018155_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018155-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number between the fence and zero line on the Indian side is estimated to be 60 villages and at least one million people are spread over the districts adjacent to the LoC from <a href="Rajouri_district" title="Rajouri district">Rajouri</a> to <a href="Bandipore_district" title="Bandipore district">Bandipora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration_and_military_cross-LoC_movement">Infiltration and military cross-LoC movement</h3></div>
<p>According to the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, 1,504 "terrorists" attempted to infiltrate India in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018156–157_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018156–157-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infiltration was one of India's main issues during the <a href="2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a decrease in infiltration over the years. Only a select number of individuals are successful; in 2016, the Ministry reported 105 successful infiltrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018156–157_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018156–157-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian LoC fence has been constructed with a defensive mindset to counter infiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction in infiltration also points to a reduction in support of such activities within Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a>, Indian planes crossed the LoC for the first time in 48 years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_points">Crossing points</h3></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 400px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px;top: 0px; right: 0px; height: 650px; width: 400px"><div style="position: absolute;width:400px; height:650px;top:0px;left:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; top: 632px; left: 387px; width: 12px; height: 12px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; top: 632px; left: 290px;width: 12px; height: 12px background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use" class="external"></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; background-color: #111111; color:inherit; clip-path:path(nonzero, 'M0,8 l0,4 l20,0 l0,-4 l-0.3,0 l0,3.7 l-19.4,0 l0,-3.7 z') ; width:20px; top:607px; left:354px; height:20px; transform:scale(2.5, 1.5)"></div><div style="position: absolute; top: 608px; left: 385px; font-size: 9.5px; line-height: 126%; width: fit-content;color: #444433; background-color: transparent; text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%);">15km<br>9.3miles</div><div style="position:absolute;top:346.2px;left:136px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Chakothi / Salamabad" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 369px; left: 144.5px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Chakothi / Salamabad</div><div style="position:absolute;top:605.5px;left:137px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Kotli" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 611.3px; left: 138px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Kotli</div><div style="position:absolute;top:161.9px;left:264.3px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Kupwara" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 167.7px; left: 265.3px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Kupwara</div><div style="position:absolute;top:228.8px;left:-17.5px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Muzaffarabad" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 234.6px; left: -16.5px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Muzaffarabad</div><div style="position:absolute;top:373px;left:201.3px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Silkote" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 386px; left: 202.3px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Silkote</div><div style="position:absolute;top:376px;left:198.5px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Haji Peer/Silkote" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 398.8px; left: 207px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Haji Peer/Silkote</div><div style="position:absolute;top:495.6px;left:187.4px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Chakan Da Bagh" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 508.6px; left: 195.4px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Chakan Da Bagh</div><div style="position:absolute;top:499.7px;left:174.3px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Tatrinote" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 512.7px; left: 175.3px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Tatrinote</div><div style="position:absolute;top:559px;left:173.2px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Tatta Pani–Mendher" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 581.8px; left: 181.7px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Tatta Pani–Mendher</div><div style="position:absolute;top:215.5px;left:70.8px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Nausadda" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 205.8px; left: 76.3px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Nausadda</div><div style="position:absolute;top:406.9px;left:199.3px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Haji Pir" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 419.9px; left: 200.3px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Haji Pir</div><div style="position:absolute;top:562.3px;left:155.6px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Tatta Pani" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 575.3px; left: 156.6px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Tatta Pani</div><div style="position:absolute;top:564.7px;left:210.3px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Mendhar" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 577.7px; left: 218.3px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Mendhar</div><div style="position:absolute;top:346.2px;left:153.1px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Salambad" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 359.2px; left: 161.1px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Salambad</div><div style="position:absolute;top:218.1px;left:88.5px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Chilliana" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 231.1px; left: 89.5px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Chilliana</div><div style="position:absolute;top:219.6px;left:92.9px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Tithwal" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 232.6px; left: 100.9px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Tithwal</div><div style="position:absolute;top:353.9px;left:185.3px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Uri" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 359.7px; left: 195.3px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Uri</div><div style="position:absolute;top:340.4px;left:132.2px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Chakothi" style="position:absolute; font-size: 0px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 353.4px; left: 133.2px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Chakothi</div><div style="position:absolute;top:491px;left:206.6px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Poonch" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 496.8px; left: 216.6px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Poonch</div><div style="position:absolute;top:454.9px;left:83.8px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Rawalakot" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 471.7px; left: 89.3px; color: #777755; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Rawalakot</div><div style="position:absolute;top:221.6px;left:87.8px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Chilliana / Teetwal" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 244.4px; left: 96.3px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Chilliana / Teetwal</div><div style="position:absolute;top:497.8px;left:173.4px;background-color:transparent;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div><div title="Tetrinote / Chakan Da Bagh" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 520.6px; left: 181.9px; color: #000000; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Tetrinote / Chakan Da Bagh</div><div style="position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 366px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="geo:34.1823,74.0588" data-zoom="10" data-lat="34.1823" data-lon="74.0588" data-overlays="["_5a88e51805efde0d6f877531375d1a6fedbc5238"]">🌍</a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">LoC crossing points in green <span typeof="mw:File"></span>. (Haji Peer/Silkote and Tatta Pani–Mendher crossing points approximate.)</div></div></div>
<p>Pakistan and India officially designated five crossing points following the <a href="2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a>—Nauseri-Tithwal; Chakoti-Uri; Hajipur-Uri; Rawalakot-Poonch and Tattapani-Mendhar.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to Azad Jammu and the Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act, 2016, the following crossing points are listed:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Rawalakot–Poonch</li>
<li>Chakothi–Uri</li>
<li>Chaliana–Tithwal</li>
<li>Tatta Pani–Mendher</li>
<li>Haji Peer–Silli Kot</li></ul>
<p>Trade points include: Chakothi – Salamabad and Rawalakot (Titrinote) – Poonch (Chakkan-da-Bagh). The ordinance passed in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Between 2005 and 2017, and according to Travel and Trade Authority figures, Muzaffarabad, Indian Kashmiris crossing over into Pakistan was about 14,000, while about 22,000 have crossed over to the Indian side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018114–115_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018114–115-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossing legally for civilians is not easy. A number of documents are required and verified by both countries, including proof of family on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria201871_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria201871-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even a short-term, temporary crossing invites interrogation by government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria201871_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria201871-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during special occasions and festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 October 2008, for the first time in 61 years, cross-LoC trade was conducted between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHafeez201480_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHafeez201480-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade across the LoC is barter trade.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ten years, trade worth nearly <a href="Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">PKR</a> 11,446 crore or <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>5,000 <a href="Crore" title="Crore">crore</a></span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>67 billion or US$790 million in 2023) has passed through the Chakothi – Salamabad crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chilliana_–_Teetwal">Chilliana – Teetwal</h4></div>
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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">August 2015</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">February 2018</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Neelam Valley and the Chilliana – Teetwal border crossing.</div></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="Teetwal" title="Teetwal">Teetwal</a> crossing is across the <a href="Neelum_River" title="Neelum River">Neelum River</a> between <a href="Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a> and <a href="Kupwara" title="Kupwara">Kupwara</a>. It is usually open only during the summer months,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unlike the other two crossings is open only for the movement of people, not for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tithwal bridge, first built in 1931, has been rebuilt twice.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chakothi_–_Salamabad">Chakothi – Salamabad</h4></div>
<p>The Salamabad crossing point, or the Kamran Post, is on the road between <a href="Chakothi" title="Chakothi">Chakothi</a> and <a href="Uri%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Uri, Jammu and Kashmir">Uri</a> in the <a href="Baramulla_district" title="Baramulla district">Baramulla district</a> of <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> along the LoC.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ET_Cross_Goods_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET_Cross_Goods-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_CrossLOC_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET_CrossLOC-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English name for the bridge in Uri translates as "bridge of peace". The Indian Army rebuilt it after the <a href="2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a> when a mountain on the Pakistani side caved in.<sup id="cite_ref-HT_inaugurate_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT_inaugurate-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This route was opened for trade in 2008 after being closed for 61 years.<sup id="cite_ref-livemint_Trucks_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livemint_Trucks-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a> crosses this bridge on the LoC.<sup id="cite_ref-OutlookKaman_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OutlookKaman-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tetrinote_–_Chakan_Da_Bagh">Tetrinote – Chakan Da Bagh</h4></div>
<p>A road connects <a href="Kotli" title="Kotli">Kotli</a> and <a href="Tatrinote" title="Tatrinote">Tatrinote</a> on the Pakistan side of the LoC to the Indian <a href="Poonch_district%2C_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonch district, India">Poonch district</a> of <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> through the Chakan Da Bagh crossing point.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_Cross_Goods_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET_Cross_Goods-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side for the benefit of traders.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_CrossLOC_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET_CrossLOC-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Most of the flag meetings between Indian and Pakistani security forces are held here.<sup id="cite_ref-TH_Flagmeeting_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH_Flagmeeting-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tattapani_–_Mendhar">Tattapani – Mendhar</h4></div>
<p>The fourth border crossing between <a href="Tatta_Pani%2C_Azad_Kashmir" title="Tatta Pani, Azad Kashmir">Tattapani</a> and <a href="Mendhar_Tehsil" title="Mendhar Tehsil">Mendhar</a> was opened on 14 November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_civilians">Impact on civilians</h2></div>
<p>The Line of Control divided the Kashmir into two and closed the Jhelum valley route, the only way in and out of the <a href="Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a> from <a href="Punjab%2C_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a>. This ongoing territorial division severed many villages and separated family members.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loc_kashmir_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_kashmir-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some families could see each other along the LoC in locations such as the Neelum River, but were unable to meet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria201884_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria201884-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain locations, women on the Pakistan side on the LoC have been instrumental in influencing infiltration and ceasefire violations; they have approached nearby Pakistani Army camps directly and insisted infiltration stop, which reduces India's cross LoC firing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria2018107–109_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria2018107–109-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>
<p>Documentaries covering the LoC and related events include <i>A journey through River Vitasta,</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raja Shabir Khan's <i>Line of Control</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="History_TV18" title="History TV18">HistoryTV18</a>'s <i>Kargil: Valour & Victory.</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Bollywood films on the <a href="Kargil_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil Conflict">1999 Kargil conflict</a> have involved depictions and scenes of the line of control including <i><a href="LOC%3A_Kargil" title="LOC: Kargil">LOC: Kargil (2003)</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudha20128_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudha20128-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Lakshya_(2004_film)" title="Lakshya (2004 film)"><i>Lakshya</i> (2004)</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Gunjan_Saxena%3A_The_Kargil_Girl" title="Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl"><i>Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl</i> (2020)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Bollywood films include <i><a href="Uri%3A_The_Surgical_Strike" title="Uri: The Surgical Strike">Uri: The Surgical Strike</a></i> <a href="Uri%3A_The_Surgical_Strike" title="Uri: The Surgical Strike">(2019)</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="Bajrangi_Bhaijaan" title="Bajrangi Bhaijaan">Bajrangi Bhaijaan</a></i> <a href="Bajrangi_Bhaijaan" title="Bajrangi Bhaijaan">(2015)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and streaming television shows such as <a href="Avrodh%3A_The_Siege_Within" title="Avrodh: The Siege Within"><i>Avrodh</i> (2020)</a><i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Line_of_Control" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Line of Control">Line of Control</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a></li>
<li><a href="Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport between India and Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Actual_Ground_Position_Line" title="Actual Ground Position Line">Actual Ground Position Line</a> – the line of separation near the <a href="Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in Kashmir">United Nations Military Observer Group in Kashmir</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">767 kilometres (477 mi) long according to <a href="Mahmud_Ali_Durrani" title="Mahmud Ali Durrani">Mahmud Ali Durrani</a> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200126_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200126-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl>
<div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:length-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:length_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:length_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19004/">"Clarifications on LoC"</a>. <i>Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India</i>. 2 July 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907104803/https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19004%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>. <q>...thus clearly delineating the entire stretch of Line of Control running through 740 Km starting from Sangam and ending at Pt NJ-9842.</q></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAroraKumar20166_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAroraKumar2016">Arora & Kumar 2016</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200126-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200126_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurrani2001">Durrani 2001</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWirsing1998">Wirsing 1998</a>, p. 13: 'With particular reference to Kashmir, they agreed that: ... in J&K, the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side.'</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing199810-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing199810_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWirsing1998">Wirsing 1998</a>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing199820-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing199820_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWirsing1998">Wirsing 1998</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing19984–7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing19984–7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWirsing1998">Wirsing 1998</a>, pp. 4–7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWirsing199813-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWirsing199813_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWirsing1998">Wirsing 1998</a>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MEA_site-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEA_site_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement">"Simla Agreement"</a>. <i>Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India</i>. 2 July 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117165259/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5541%2FSimla+Agreement">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018110–111-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018110–111_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 110–111.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2000" class="citation news cs1">Marcus, Jonathan (23 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm">"Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?"</a>. <i><a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnaswami2000" class="citation news cs1">Krishnaswami, Sridhar (11 March 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece">"'Most dangerous place'"</a></span>. <i><a href="The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825134326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200127_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurrani2001">Durrani 2001</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrani200139-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurrani200139_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurrani2001">Durrani 2001</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018109_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 109.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018145-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018145_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 145.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201886-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201886_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 86.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201885-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201885_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 85.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201818-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201818_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201882-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201882_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018113-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018113_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 113.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201896,_100-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201896,_100_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 96, 100.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2017" class="citation web cs1">Siddiqui, Naveed (25 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789">"3 Pakistani soldiers martyred in 'unprovoked' cross-LoC firing by Indian army: ISPR"</a>. <i><a href="Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">DAWN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830022349/https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/">"J&K completes 84% of underground bunkers along LoC to protect residents during border shelling"</a>. <i><a href="ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a></i>. PTI. 7 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212011812/https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria2018xxiv-xxv-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria2018xxiv-xxv_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZakaria2018">Zakaria 2018</a>, p. xxiv-xxv.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria201817–18-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria201817–18_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZakaria2018">Zakaria 2018</a>, pp. 17–18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018152–153_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018">Jacob, Line on Fire 2018</a>, pp. 152–153.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018158–180-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018158–180_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018">Jacob, Line on Fire 2018</a>, pp. 158–180.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018181–187-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018181–187_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018">Jacob, Line on Fire 2018</a>, pp. 181–187.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018187–202-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018187–202_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018">Jacob, Line on Fire 2018</a>, pp. 187–202.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018207–212-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018207–212_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018">Jacob, Line on Fire 2018</a>, pp. 207–212.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018202–207-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018202–207_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_Line_on_Fire2018">Jacob, Line on Fire 2018</a>, pp. 202–207.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201897-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201897_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 97.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUmar2011" class="citation news cs1">Umar, Baba (30 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152757/http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp">"Mines of war maim innocents"</a>. <i><a href="Tehelka" title="Tehelka">Tehelka</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp">the original</a> on 17 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacob,_The_Line_of_Control201898_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob,_The_Line_of_Control2018">Jacob, The Line of Control (2018)</a>, 98.</span>
</li>
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<li><cite id="CITEREFZakaria2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Anam_Zakaria" title="Anam Zakaria">Zakaria, Anam</a> (2018). <i>Between the Great Divide: A Journey into Pakistan-Administered Kashmir</i>. India: <a href="HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-93-5277-947-5</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHafeez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hafeez, Mahwish (2014). "The Line of Control (LoC) Trade: A Ray of Hope". <i>Strategic Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1). <a href="Institute_of_Strategic_Studies_Islamabad" title="Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad">Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad</a>: <span class="nowrap">74–</span>93. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1029-0990">1029-0990</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48527555">48527555</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAroraKumar2016" class="citation cs2">Arora, RK; Kumar, Manoj (November 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ORF_OccasionalPaper_100_CIBMS.pdf"><i>Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: Implementation Challenges</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Occasional Paper No. 100, <a href="Observer_Research_Foundation" title="Observer Research Foundation">Observer Research Foundation</a></cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDurrani2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="Mahmud_Ali_Durrani" title="Mahmud Ali Durrani">Durrani, Major General (Retd) Mahmud Ali</a> (July 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/783991-gwTOOM/native/"><i>Enhancing Security through a Cooperative Border Monitoring Experiment: A Proposal for India and Pakistan</i></a>, Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy, Cooperative Monitoring Center, <a href="Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F783991">10.2172/783991</a>, <a href="OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/783991">783991</a></cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Akhtar, Shaheen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/16_24_2_17.pdf">"Living on the frontlines: Perspective from Poonch and Kotli region of AJK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Political Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (2).</cite></li>
<li>— <cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Akhtar, Shaheen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716172325/https://ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Paper-2017/9-Living-on-the-Frontlines-Dr.Shaheen-Akhtar.pdf">"Living on the Frontlines: Perspective from the Neelum Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Margalla Papers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Paper-2017/9-Living-on-the-Frontlines-Dr.Shaheen-Akhtar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2020.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBaliAkhtar2017" class="citation cs2">Bali, Pawan; Akhtar, Shaheen (31 July 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906084220/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/sr410-kashmir-line-of-control-and-grassroots-peacebuilding.pdf"><i>Kashmir Line of Control and Grassroots Peacebuilding</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/sr410-kashmir-line-of-control-and-grassroots-peacebuilding.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 September 2017</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJacob2017" class="citation cs2">Jacob, Happymon (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310143204/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW131-Ceasefire-Violations-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-A-Line-on-Fire.pdf"><i>Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, United States Institute of Peace, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60127-672-8</bdi>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW131-Ceasefire-Violations-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-A-Line-on-Fire.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2018</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKira2011" class="citation cs2">Kira, Altaf Hussain (September 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2011-020.pdf"><i>Cross-LoC trade in Kashmir: From Line of Control to Line of Commerce</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="Indira_Gandhi_Institute_of_Development_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research">IGIDR, Mumbai</a></cite></li>
<li>—<cite id="CITEREFKira2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kira, Altaf Hussain (2011). "From Line of Control to Line of Commerce". <i><a href="Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>46</b> (40): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>18. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23047415">23047415</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPadder2015" class="citation journal cs1">Padder, Sajad A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esciencepress.net/journals/index.php/JSAS/article/view/559/454">"Cross-Line of Control Trade: Problem and Prospects"</a>. <i>Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>48.</cite></li>
<li>Ranjan Kumar Singh (2007), <i>Sarhad: Zero Mile</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Hindi)</span>, Parijat Prakashan, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>81-903561-0-0</bdi></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html">"Relevance of Simla Agreement"</a>. <i>Editorial Series</i>. Khan Study Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Reports</dt></dl>
<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/the-winning-leap/resource/smart-border-management:-an-indian-perspective-september-2016/resources-1195.pdf"><i>Smart border management: An Indian perspective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="FICCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FICCI">FICCI</a>, PwC India, September 2016</cite></li>
<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203143529/https://ficci.in/spdocument/23158/smart-Border-Management.pdf"><i>Smart border management: Contributing to a US$5 trillion economy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="FICCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FICCI">FICCI</a>, Ernst & Young India, 2019, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ficci.in/spdocument/23158/smart-Border-Management.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span></cite></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Photographs</dt></dl>
<ul><li>"LoC: Line of Control" (Photo Gallery). <i>Outlook India</i>. Retrieved on 3 September 2021.</li>
<li>— <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/topic/loc-line-of-control/100805/1">Photos 1 to 100</a></li>
<li>— <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/topic/loc-line-of-control/100805/2">Photos 101 to 176</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kashmir_conflict382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Kashmir_conflict382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">Timeline</a>
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict_(1846%E2%80%931946)" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946)">1846–1946</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">1947–present</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Wars and conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li>
<li><a href="Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a> (1984–2003)</li>
<li><a href="Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> (since 1989)</li>
<li><a href="Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> (1999)</li>
<li><a href="2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 India–Pakistan standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_crisis" title="2025 India–Pakistan crisis">2025 India–Pakistan crisis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Border skirmishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li>
<li><a href="2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a>
<ul><li><a href="Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">media coverage</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021</a></li>
<li><a href="2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_crisis" title="2025 India–Pakistan crisis">2025</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="1947_Poonch_rebellion" title="1947 Poonch rebellion">1947 Poonch rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="1947_Gilgit_rebellion" title="1947 Gilgit rebellion">1947 Gilgit rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="Battle_of_Shalateng" title="Battle of Shalateng">Battle of Shalateng</a></li>
<li><a href="Battle_of_Thorgo" title="Battle of Thorgo">Battle of Thorgo</a></li>
<li><a href="Action_at_Tsari" title="Action at Tsari">Action at Tsari</a></li>
<li><a href="Siege_of_Mirpur" title="Siege of Mirpur">Siege of Mirpur</a></li>
<li><a href="Battle_of_Pandu" title="Battle of Pandu">Battle of Pandu</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Bison_(Jammu_%26_Kashmir_1948)" title="Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)">Operation Bison</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Eraze" title="Operation Eraze">Operation Eraze</a></li>
<li><a href="Battle_of_Chunj" title="Battle of Chunj">Battle of Chunj</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Desert_Hawk" title="Operation Desert Hawk">Operation Desert Hawk</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict" title="2025 India–Pakistan conflict">2025 India–Pakistan strikes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombings and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="1947_Jammu_massacres" title="1947 Jammu massacres">1947 Jammu massacres</a></li>
<li><a href="2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="Chittisinghpura_massacre" title="Chittisinghpura massacre">2000 Chittisinghpura massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_car_bombing" title="2001 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly car bombing">2001 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly car bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="2001_Kishtwar_massacres" title="2001 Kishtwar massacres">2001 Kishtwar massacres</a></li>
<li><a href="2002_Raghunath_temple_attacks" title="2002 Raghunath temple attacks">2002 Raghunath temple attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="2006_Srinagar_bombings" title="2006 Srinagar bombings">2006 Srinagar bombings</a></li>
<li><a href="2006_Doda_massacre" title="2006 Doda massacre">2006 Doda massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="March_2013_Srinagar_attack" title="March 2013 Srinagar attack">March 2013 Srinagar attack</a></li>
<li><a href="June_2013_Srinagar_attack" title="June 2013 Srinagar attack">June 2013 Srinagar attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Baramulla_attack" title="2016 Baramulla attack">2016 Baramulla attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Nagrota_army_base_attack" title="2016 Nagrota army base attack">2016 Nagrota army base attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2017_Amarnath_Yatra_massacre" title="2017 Amarnath Yatra massacre">2017 Amarnath Yatra massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="2018_Sunjuwan_attack" title="2018 Sunjuwan attack">2018 Sunjuwan attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2022_Srinagar_bombing" title="2022 Srinagar bombing">2022 Srinagar bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_Pahalgam_attack" title="2025 Pahalgam attack">2025 Pahalgam attack</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights and peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">Human rights abuses</a>
<ul><li><a href="OHCHR_reports_on_Kashmir" title="OHCHR reports on Kashmir">OHCHR reports on Kashmir</a></li>
<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Rape</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Women's_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>1947: <a href="Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li>
<li>1965: <a href="Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li>
<li>1972: <a href="Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li>
<li>2001: <a href="Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding</a></li>
<li><a href="UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute" title="UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute">UN mediation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militant organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a></li>
<li><a href="Tehreek-e-Hurriyat" title="Tehreek-e-Hurriyat">Tehreek-e-Hurriyat</a></li>
<li><a href="Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li>
<li><a href="Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li>
<li><a href="Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li>
<li><a href="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a></li>
<li><a href="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen#Harkat_ul-Ansar" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat ul-Ansar</a></li>
<li><a href="Al-Badr_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)">Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li>
<li><a href="Ansar_Ghazwat-ul-Hind" title="Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind">Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind</a></li>
<li><a href="Dukhtaran-e-Millat" title="Dukhtaran-e-Millat">Dukhtaran-e-Millat</a></li>
<li><a href="Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</a></li>
<li><a href="Tehreek-e-Azaadi_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir">Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Jihad_Council" title="United Jihad Council">United Jihad Council</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>19 January: <a href="Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day</a></li>
<li>5 February: <a href="Kashmir_Solidarity_Day" title="Kashmir Solidarity Day">Kashmir Solidarity Day</a></li>
<li>13 July: <a href="Kashmir_Martyrs'_Day" title="Kashmir Martyrs' Day">Kashmir Martyrs' Day</a></li>
<li>5 August: <a href="Youm-e-Istehsal" title="Youm-e-Istehsal">Youm-e-Istehsal</a></li>
<li>22 October: <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_Black_Day" title="Jammu and Kashmir Black Day">Jammu and Kashmir Black Day</a> (Invasion Day)</li>
<li>24 October: <a href="Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day">Azad Kashmir Day</a></li>
<li>26 October: <a href="Accession_Day_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)">Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)</a></li>
<li><a href="Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li>
<li><a href="Ikhwan_(Kashmir)" title="Ikhwan (Kashmir)">Ikhwan</a></li>
<li><a href="Crowd_control_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir">Crowd control</a></li>
<li><a href="Stone_pelting_in_Kashmir" title="Stone pelting in Kashmir">Stone pelting</a></li>
<li><a href="Over_ground_worker" title="Over ground worker">Over ground workers</a> (OGWs)</li>
<li><a href="Village_Defence_Guards" title="Village Defence Guards">Village Defence Guards</a></li>
<li><a href="Kashmir%3A_The_Case_for_Freedom" title="Kashmir: The Case for Freedom">Kashmir: The Case for Freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="Kashmir_Black_Day" title="Kashmir Black Day">Kashmir Black Day</a></li>
<li><a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act%2C_2019" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019">Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="India" title="India"></a></span></span> <a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan"></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="High_Commission_of_India%2C_Islamabad" title="High Commission of India, Islamabad">High Commission of India, Islamabad</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan" title="List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan">High commissioners of India to Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="High_Commission_of_Pakistan%2C_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li>
<li><a href="Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a>
<ul><li><a href="Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board" title="Evacuee Trust Property Board">Evacuee Trust Property Board</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a>
<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Indus_Commission" title="Permanent Indus Commission">Permanent Indus Commission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="Protocol_on_Visits_to_Religious_Shrines_1974" title="Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974">Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-Nuclear_Aggression_Agreement" title="Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement">Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pak_Joint_Judicial_Committee" title="Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee">Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_maritime_trespassing" title="India–Pakistan maritime trespassing">India–Pakistan maritime trespassing</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mahavir/Sadqi_International_Parade_Ground" title="Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground">Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li>
<li><a href="Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>
<ul><li><a href="Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>
<li><a href="Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li>
<li><a href="Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a>
<ul><li><a href="Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="Custodian_for_Enemy_Property_for_India" title="Custodian for Enemy Property for India">Custodian for Enemy Property for India</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>
<ul><li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li>
<li><a href="Islamabad%E2%80%93New_Delhi_hotline" title="Islamabad–New Delhi hotline">Islamabad–New Delhi hotline</a></li>
<li><a href="Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">POWs</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li>
<li><a href="Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li>
<li><a href="Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a>
<ul><li><a href="Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>
<li><a href="Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 Kashmir unrest</a></li>
<li><a href="2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li>
<li><a href="2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li>
<li><a href="2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown" title="2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown">2019–2021 lockdown</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict" title="2025 India–Pakistan conflict">2025 conflict</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="1947_Amritsar_train_massacre" title="1947 Amritsar train massacre">1947 Amritsar train massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_water_dispute_of_1948" title="Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948">Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948</a></li>
<li><a href="Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a>
<ul><li><a href="Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li>
<li><a href="1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking" title="1971 Indian Airlines hijacking">1971 Indian Airlines hijacking</a></li>
<li><a href="Kashmir_Singh" title="Kashmir Singh">Kashmir Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Samba spy scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Airlines_Flight_423" title="Indian Airlines Flight 423">Indian Airlines Flight 423</a></li>
<li><a href="Ravindra_Kaushik" title="Ravindra Kaushik">Ravindra Kaushik</a></li>
<li><a href="Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li>
<li><a href="Sarabjit_Singh" title="Sarabjit Singh">Sarabjit Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="Sanaullah_Haq" title="Sanaullah Haq">Sanaullah Haq</a></li>
<li><a href="1992_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="1992 India–Pakistan floods">1992 India–Pakistan floods</a></li>
<li><a href="1999_Pakistani_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" title="1999 Pakistani Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistani Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li>
<li><a href="Beheading_of_Bhausaheb_Maruti_Talekar" title="Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar">Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar</a></li>
<li><a href="2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></li>
<li><a href="2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 military standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 border skirmishes</a></li>
<li><a href="Khaleel_Chishty" title="Khaleel Chishty">Khaleel Chishty</a></li>
<li><a href="2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 border skirmishes</a></li>
<li><a href="2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 border skirmishes</a></li>
<li><a href="2014_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="2014 India–Pakistan floods">2014 India–Pakistan floods</a></li>
<li><a href="2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack" title="2014 Wagah border suicide attack">2014 Wagah border suicide attack</a></li>
<li><a href="Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li>
<li><a href="2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 border skirmishes</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a>
<ul><li><a href="2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">Media coverage</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a></li>
<li><a href="2021_Lahore_bombing" title="2021 Lahore bombing">2021 Lahore bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_missile_incident" title="2022 India–Pakistan missile incident">2022 missile incident</a></li>
<li><a href="2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 border skirmishes</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_Pahalgam_attack" title="2025 Pahalgam attack">2025 Pahalgam attack</a>
<ul><li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_crisis" title="2025 India–Pakistan crisis">2025 crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict" title="2025 India–Pakistan conflict">2025 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other military issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a>
<ul><li><a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li>
<li><a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts</a></li>
<li><a href="New_Concept_of_War_Fighting" title="New Concept of War Fighting">New Concept of War Fighting</a></li>
<li><a href="Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Jinnah_House" title="Jinnah House">Jinnah House</a></li>
<li><a href="Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project">Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Foodistan" title="Foodistan">Foodistan</a></i></li>
<li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Border</a>
<ul><li><a href="Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>-<a href="Attari" title="Attari">Attari</a></li>
<li><a href="Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">Attari–Wagah border ceremony</a></li>
<li><a href="Ganda_Singh_Wala" title="Ganda Singh Wala">Ganda Singh Wala</a>-<a href="Hussainiwala" title="Hussainiwala">Hussainiwala</a></li>
<li><a href="Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport</a>
<ul><li><a href="Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li>
<li><a href="Jammu%E2%80%93Sialkot_line" title="Jammu–Sialkot line">Jammu–Sialkot line</a></li>
<li><a href="Poonch-Rawalakot_Bus" title="Poonch-Rawalakot Bus">Poonch-Rawalakot Bus</a></li>
<li><a href="Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li>
<li><a href="Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a></li>
<li><a href="Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a></li>
<li><a href="Sind_Mail" title="Sind Mail">Sind Mail</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Immigration
<ul><li><a href="Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians in Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistanis_in_India" title="Pakistanis in India">Pakistanis in India</a></li>
<li><a href="Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></li>
<li><a href="East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">Sports rivalries</a>
<ul><li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">Cricket</a></li>
<li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry">Field hockey</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Reconciliation
<ul><li><a href="Aaghaz-e-Dosti" title="Aaghaz-e-Dosti">Aaghaz-e-Dosti</a></li>
<li><a href="Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li>
<li><a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation" title="India–Pakistan Confederation">India–Pakistan Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li>
<li><a href="Shankar%E2%80%93Ehsaan%E2%80%93Loy_Inspiration%3A_Aman_Ki_Aasha_tour" title="Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour">Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Controversies
<ul><li><a href="Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:India–Pakistan relations</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces14568" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces14568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li>
<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence Secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (India)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Chief of Integrated Defence Staff">Vice Chief of Defence Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Director_General_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services_(India)" title="Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)">Director General Armed Forces Medical Services</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Directorate_of_Ordnance_(Coordination_%26_Services)" title="Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)">Defence Production</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Ex-servicemen Welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Department_of_Military_Affairs" title="Department of Military Affairs">Military Affairs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a></li>
<li><a href="Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Planning_Committee" title="Defence Planning Committee">Defence Planning Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">Nuclear Command Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council</a></li>
<li><a href="Standing_Committee_on_Defence_(India)" title="Standing Committee on Defence (India)">Standing Committee on Defence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li>
<li><a href="Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">Defence Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar</a>
<ul><li><a href="Commander-in-Chief%2C_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command">Chief</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Integrated Theatre Command (India)">Integrated Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="Maritime_Theatre_Command" title="Maritime Theatre Command">Maritime Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Northern Theatre Command (India)">Northern Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Special Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces</a>
<ul><li><a href="Commander-in-Chief%2C_Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command">Chief</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Western_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Western Theatre Command (India)">Western Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Central_Command_(India)" title="Central Command (India)">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern</a></li>
<li><a href="Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="South_Western_Command_(India)" title="South Western Command (India)">South Western</a></li>
<li><a href="Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">Training</a></li>
<li><a href="Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Central_Air_Command_(India)" title="Central Air Command (India)">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="Maintenance_Command" title="Maintenance Command">Maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href="Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="South_Western_Air_Command" title="South Western Air Command">South Western</a></li>
<li><a href="Training_Command_(India)" title="Training Command (India)">Training</a></li>
<li><a href="Western_Air_Command_(India)" title="Western Air Command (India)">Western</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Indian_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Indian Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Indian Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Indian Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags" title="Indian Armed Forces rank flags">Rank flags</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Serving officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Indian Army">Generals</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Admirals</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force">Marshals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Academies</a></li>
<li><a href="Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li>
<li><a href="Women_in_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Indian Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_equipment_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Indian Army">Equipment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li>
<li><a href="Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">Historical Ships</a></li>
<li><a href="Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon Systems</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">Active Aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_active_Indian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></li>
<li><a href="Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Future of the Indian Air Force">Future</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_historical_aircraft_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force">Historical Aircraft</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Indian_military_missiles" title="List of Indian military missiles">Missiles</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Indian_military_radars" title="List of Indian military radars">Radars</a></li>
<li><a href="India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="List_of_military_operations_of_India" title="List of military operations of India">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">1947–1948</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Indo-China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">1967</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">External <br>conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002</a></li>
<li><a href="2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li>
<li><a href="2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict" title="2025 India–Pakistan conflict">2025</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
<li><a href="1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">Kuwait rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="2015_Indian_counter-insurgency_operation_in_Myanmar" title="2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar">Myanmar counter-insurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="1988_Maldives_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Operation Cactus</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Raahat" title="Operation Raahat">Operation Raahat</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation Devi Shakti</a></li>
<li><a href="Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Annexations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li>
<li><a href="Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Hyderabad (Operation Polo)</a></li>
<li><a href="Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li>
<li><a href="Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Goa (Operation Vijay)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insurgencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a>
<ul><li><a href="Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li>
<li><a href="2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 LOC strike</a></li>
<li><a href="2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict" title="2025 India–Pakistan conflict">2025 airstrike</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li>
<li><a href="Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Punjab</a>
<ul><li><a href="Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li>
<li><a href="Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Auxiliary forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="Special_forces_of_India" title="Special forces of India">Special forces</a></li>
<li><a href="Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Amar_Jawan_Jyoti" title="Amar Jawan Jyoti">Amar Jawan Jyoti</a></li>
<li><a href="Armed_Forces_Flag_Day" title="Armed Forces Flag Day">Flag Day</a></li>
<li><a href="Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Ensuring_Secure_Seas%3A_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Maritime Security Strategy</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_military_bands" title="Indian military bands">Military bands</a></li>
<li><a href="National_War_Memorial_(India)" title="National War Memorial (India)">National War Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="President's_Colour_Award" title="President's Colour Award">President's Colour Award</a></li>
<li><a href="President's_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category
<ul><li>Army</li>
<li>Navy</li>
<li>Air Force</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces4396" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces4396" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
<a href="Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Commander-in-Chief
<ul><li><a href="President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Chief Executive
<ul><li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li>
<li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)"> National Security Council</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a>
<ul><li><a href="Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li>
<li><a href="Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li>
<li><a href="Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Pakistan_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pakistan_Marines#Commissioned_officers_and_Enlisted_rank" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pakistan_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Business interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Pakistani Defence Industry</a></li>
<li><a href="Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundations11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji (Joint)</a></li>
<li><a href="Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Askari (Army)</a></li>
<li><a href="Bahria_Foundation" title="Bahria Foundation">Bahria (Navy)</a></li>
<li><a href="Shaheen_Foundation" title="Shaheen Foundation">Shaheen (Air Force)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">Establishment</a></li>
<li><a href="Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li>
<li><a href="Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Categories (Army • Air Force • Navy)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">
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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:34.93333333333333,76.76666666666667"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°56′N</span> <span class="longitude">76°46′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.933°N 76.767°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.933; 76.767</span></span></span></a></span></span>
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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Line_of_Control&oldid=1302512935">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
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